Harriet Monroe and Buddhadeva Bose, an Essay in Bengali

FAv TS R cXoc c : Ar@w Av R @AcgcS @Ac

cAS ~w OwT j@ S cq @S ~@ml ~Acy @A r An@ 1974-U j@ AFeZF s ToF cXoc c ~T @AcgcS UZAv Z ArA q | ~AA@T sL @ ZAaUT cU A@S BAS S, ~T cq mk @ eZFAv j@AS A s |  ~S@ ZJBR Rq AcrKeZF c cXoc c Rq UZAv ~ qAS | 1997-U Sw @Ar cXoc c OScUf c Z ~AT A@AS R j@ W Ag  rK @A ; ~T wT cA ~^ ~c@r Ag J ~S@U SF R w\ cq  U @ TS  | cXoc c a ~ @S @S cCAU UZ@ UZ ~TS AS AS, ~ ocA@gc, Aa cU TS  S ; A@ @cU Rq OSAv @R ~^gk  AZ S | ~B jAS  j k c  wUT w^@ TA  UZ (~T @AcgcS, cXoc c ; kn R esBS T^f c Ae, Ac@\ @rSf, @U@, 2001) -- s @Ac Ac Fw J ASNcqT B^AS UQF @Ar |

b@ T Av @wBAv Zc   ~T cXoc @Ac An@ @ TS AaU | gcAaUT Ar@w Av@ TU @q  c cXoc @Ac An@ sn d | gU gAC AUS cXoc ASBq :

AO @S-j@ Pci@ ZAaUT ~^r  j@Av qeAB An@ -- O A@av rK ASr-r@f, qJv-C TUv @ AcmA OZ A@ ~aS rAU, Uc w ~Q ~J@ "qAv"  ArST | ~AT BASS vq FAv TS-mA Ar@w "qAv" A@S -- ZS q AcZF An@Av ST ASAS | A@ vR AaU o @Ac ~  A@Al @Ac-en^ wF | STSAv \v-\v Z ~T TS ToF j@v r@AS BwU | j@T j@Av @Accm An@ ceU A@ c @ s S ?
(~T @AcgcS, p. 10)

 Avq AaU Rq @wB ; A@ ~T pb Acr AcAr TU ~S@H S, ~oAS@ ceU @Ac ASAq c @ U @Ac B^ ~ cXoc ~oAS@ TSS R dAO ASoH @  OAn | ~^re@  s @wBq AAS ZS S @S, @cU Rq j@Av \UZ A @Ac An@ Xgc-Ac@r cp^ cI c S | cO c @, @Ac cXoc j@  w pA ; jAv cXoc j@@ j@w FT U | Ar@w Av oS F sAR FAv TS, @wBAv @r, A@\S R @U SS@T AccS ~er SS coH cFA | j U j@ r@ Av  ~SF r@ Av Acv l UQ @ s | @Ac An@ ToF sTS j@v AcrK oS OAn XgS w @ TA R ~Skc ~AcOAU AZ, Av v ~T c S | FAv TS sAR @Ac, @TFwf R ~oAS@ @Ac Ar swF @ AaUS, cXoc cTZf Acv Ag R pArfU   US ew i@ S | cXoc  FAv cFAL R Ag Acv @F LLR Av R @Ac An@ ToF ATU c Acm -- q ATU @H ~oAS@TSm AFcH jce j@v AcrK oS AFdAO | ~oAS@ @Ac S qA R j-v An@ Ac@r cp^ cA@ @  ~Ag^ cU v An@ US BdA | c oH @S @R ~T cAI s qeAB ~oAS@ @Ac Ac@r @cU Av j@ S ~ c @wB gAT@ a ; A@ ceU ? ~oAS@ @Ac Qn A@  cU c ?

1912 U s Av ~gF,  j@ rNf @a@Aa T  @ AR  @r ~cF ~a Z ~c@ q | j fWAS o j@v An@ j@vS @r AEOTR AcU WvS |  U Tv Av @ s-@ cUaS, cXoc @Ac An@ @R j@q @ sBF : Av @wB U o j@v fW T AcF TA@S @Ac qA ; j-@wB ~Acy @ ~TA@ ~S@ oS R AgcS @Ac@ s F@q @S S @S T j-@wB ~L@r Wv [ Frank Luther Mott, Poetry, A History of American Magazines; 5 Vols. (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968), 5:244]. Av ~Acgc-Tk sc @wB @Ac cd  U ~vUAxv@,  R mnqcS -- A@ c @Ac AaU, FAv TS- gK, j@cq TAUS, R AS^ w | FAv cFA R fA co @S AF j-AAmA, @S S AAS gU @q BSS s @Ac @wB a  @cU q ~TA@ @Ac SS ;  cqR ~S@ SS @im jq AcrU r cmS aA ~a, ss ~vUv ~gc s ~L@r  AcAW ~c cowm | j v Uq (1938) ST@ ~LBfcSf FAv, ~L@r BSF SS @Ac @U @f@T ewT @   AccH S | ~oAS@ ceU @Ac Qn jq ewT @v ~crF ~ ~S@ cAr @ F | ~T MgwF jq s ~oAS@ @Ac Qn jq ewT AL ~TSF@T , Tl R Tocf cXoc mha ASB m^ wH @S | o A@ ~oAS@ @Ac BSF ? ~oAS@ @Ac AAF@ A BSF AAS s Uq @S  US @ ? TS Z c s jc Uq @H cXoc cFAw R AAF@ qTB ~S@gc QAwm  |

~T @AcgcS-j ~c f ~qc R fS TZBf S ~oAS@ ceU @Ac e@US cXoc-AScAO BfcSS^ @AcU ~^gA AS s TU Ac@   AccH ~a | @Ac sc @Ac caq @ cXoc R-e@US A OAaUS, Aco @X  cvq RJ  eAr ~SF r@R  AB SAS | BfcSS^ BSF rKTK c  ~\ j@v Bw | fW S ca @v sc  j-e@US @r AL sZS cXoc  j@@gc c, BfcSS^@ "J swF mS AA" @ cq J "co R Acc@" p  | AsAS AaUS AAr @Ac oST ~oAS@ ~SFT, q of^S R s BfcSS^ @Ac ~AgScL o SAS  @ gU wU ~oAS@ ceU @Ac BSfA ~T o c S | ~AT "BSfA" @v T@UfS TUOSALL@ ~ cFc @Aa, @S U c Tc ~ S | ~T BAS, cXoc A\UAZ OS  cvq ~T sMcS  ~ SSmS -- jTSA@ J pArfU ~S@ w\-SF -- cXoc c j@v AcrK oH AFr mc, TS R pbgc S @S | ~SF s@S UZ@ T TAxv@ AaUS cv, Ar\ BSF Ar\ TcR Q AaU J, A@ joH ~oF@f T^cF A cXoc c AF ~wT A@aq ~^B @ c S | cXoc c Amgc Acr @S s @S@T Ac R ~cm ~AgUK @ Tl AF B^  S ; TB AcS A @ AFpA  AcU S UR  ToFT TBAcS Wv c Wva jTS TfTe Sf R S aUTSAK | AF mTkUF wAS ~TSF TSAc@ FT U | pAcf c TB @oS pBS@T ~crF@ r  Sq @ZS @ZS pBS j@Tn ~^R   | c BS c AHT r sA Riq, cXoc  cUcS, AF A Bw AcS j kT UQF S UR TSBwA@ AcS @ rA Ac AF QT fAQ | rfAU, ^ R l@K TS sA ~oAS@ TB ~Ag  jce @TF  AO^rfU ~gFm, Ac@Ar, c@T SfdK, AF c A  XgcS cXoc c c TS @SAS | ~T @AcgcS-j Ai@ j-@U AAS cUSAS, A@ cXoc AcdXo TBcf ~AgswU Ai@ A@ AaU  J j-UZ @ BS s | ~c^ gc Rc  AAS SAS ~crF, @S S J AcU R Acm@ AF@Tq   s Bcc |  S AUR, ~Agswha S R AccH cXoc@ j@v AcrK oH ~AS ~r AS Z s | cXoc c A TB cUS l@ aUTSAK cAr A@a gc SAS | cXoc ASAc@ ~O pb, AS ~O Am, TAxv@ A@ BAvU AFco@ sJ TBAcAo R USf ASF gc ASB KT AU S,  BSFq ce ~B ~T @dH  | TBAcS@ cXoc c sA @A cFA skcXo Aha swU S gc @S, U TSq c J TBco ~SF US ~S@ cAr ~w R AH AaU | TB @A cFA OS A c @T@ U S, Bv S, wT S, ce j@ Acm@, ~cOS-ASA Tcf cmc, j@ ~c@-@ a^T Tw s @S @S ~er, A@, ^ TBrmf ~U U QT UR TB ST@ jq -~^cp Acv TArS H An Tm F WvS c AS ;  BSR Sq | TBcF jq wgf F ~Soc@ cXoc c@ q TBcU OTkU@ TkU A ~Aggk @ c AaU S | cR Pos o, gcr jce ~S@Tq s s^H AS TBcf oTUF ~c@F J@ S a :

@AcgcS ^F ~ ~T@ S  ~S@ @ s ~T TS AS:  @, F @  ~S@ ASyU ~rA^, TZ j@Av @m AS  sq @S-@S n | @ @ ~S IA-gA Zc AS s S-BSUR ~T AAcF OU s ; @S APKf ~T@ j@ Wxv o ArQ S @S l@AU@ AcK s ~T j@Jv l Sq | ~AT q S q c aJR s ~m H  c, q ~oU@ sZS @\S ZU @  -- c sS ~Jv, w, ~F^ cAr ASAEO | sS Bv wa  Ti @S ~UfS f ; @S ~cF Acr TUf -- jTAS  @ cUS ~S@ ; c TF ToS jce c r Bcc AS J PA |

~T @AcgcS, p. 31

jq Tv@ cXoc ZS @Ac R AF j@ sw @U Ac ; jT @q "ecA@ Tha^" j@oS ~rcf AF cFAo T Acmp  | "c^ vU oU ~AScsgc" cXoc  ~SF UZ@ ; "WvU j@  j@ Acha -- T^ R Tp, ~ @ZS c bgc, ~@mTl" ; @sw r Ai J@ ABwr @ U : "~AS s jZS cJO ~aS  @f TH A S ?"

jgcq J AcdXo rn kn ; s AaS SfO, qAT, ~@p R AAF@ DK cq AcFTS | j-s @ @ J@ cf^AcAo Ac J @A @p@s  | A@ j A@a R cXoc pArfU @ZS gJv AS ; J ~oAS@ AFco R eAr @U F ~AcOAU AaU | ceU AF ~oAS@ c cXoc jq AAF@ ~cmS ToF s j@v Acc ~a, j@v BSfA ~a (@UOU mvAB TUO@ rNv sgc cFc @S)  ~B@ AS ~^ ~T cI  @ | ~ @A "@ATvTxv" @ sA Ri, U cU  cXoc T @ATv UZ@ ceU AF j@ cf^S@ c AU ~ AXfAv ~a cU  TS  S | AF jq @ATvTxv BSF cXoc c BfcS A@ ATH gwA^ AaU ~T @AcgcS cqAv rK TA @Ac @AS @SF T^f c Ae-j "esBS" ~erAv UR cI s |

cXoc ~T sMcS rfK@ cq @ ~T BAS s b@ AcrAcFU ~AcmHf @pf an R LLR, @U@ ~oFS j@v @B Bv J H^  | qxvAg  qxvAg A sAhaUS, A@ ASw@ er : b@ AcrAcFU @ r @ ~ sc@ qeAB AF  c  ! qxvAg cXoc@ sZS ABwr @  "A@ @S" jce   cXoc sZS cUS "UZUAZ", ZS @ AAn AaU ~Ag^ : " TS c@ ?" jqgc AS  AS O  AAS AS @UB @B S, A@ AFf cf^SH WK TpF  SS @pQ J@ ASB iS J @U cXoc ASBq q O@A a S | (~B@ @ BAS S, @U c@A @UBU ~oF@ ~S R ~A@ wA s AccH jTSA@ BfcSS^ T ~fc ASBSmgc @AcR @r @ waS J ArQ-fQ-ArQ@ (TA@ cTf, @A@ 1355) ST j@Av wF,  @ cI s AS @UB Rq O@A @ S-@ cXoc BSF  TS AaU |) cXoc ~@ @SASq ~crF sAS -- TS @Ac J@ a-T j@v qSm Bv oA S j@c (T^f), jce  @q TkU cXoc Acr gTH kn | 1956 U cXoc sc AcrAcFU USTkU@ AFAcgw oS Ac AL wH @S | AL q cXoc gcK jq T joS j@v Acgw ASB  wc sw S | Sr , ~dH@T @, ~AT c, TSc^ c^FoF, ScSf c S, Hc^ r, rFTU woF -- jJ cq cXoc  w @pA an-anf | jq T cXoc c q-~TA@ SS AcrAcFU R empA@ AS gTH, ArQ@ R cp ~T^H Ug @S |

cXoc c AcdXo qK@ aXcrf gU@ ~U rn d  j-T @q | cXoc c s Acr S s S, BSF O, ok, cTr OS J aAv ~cS T S @ J@ Fw coF @S | RA@ ~TpcB R sw^-wf J AcdXo AS  AS @l v @ jq cU s Acr W W ~ cf^S AcdXo cp A Bw ~AgSc ^ XgcS @aS cXoc c | sc O@A cXoc@ @S qm A ,  eAQ AccH T^f UZ q | T^f ZS qAS ASgAAv UZ @aS jce J Acgwf oS v SB cXoc c@ j@v ATmv S ~T^H BASaS BS ~F^ ZAr | sc AcrAcFU v AnH S AcKv d @q BSS jce J AnTq cXoc c qAS ~T^H wH @S | cA@a Ai@i@ c  cXoc sZS ASTT aAv Zm S, @pQ aAv A AB US S | ~LS Q cXoc c Fw @S | aAv S-T a cXoc@ "AcSq" AaU On^@f UQF jce   U  | qAS j (1963) ArQ@ @ sR  (NATevS ~T AcAr @U@ j@ gTAU ~OSA @a SAa, qAS ASgAAv oS UqcA s cf^OScUf ~a,  cXoc cq )| @U@ A O@AfS cXoc q J ~w UZUAZ BfcS FcS @S | Ag @R J TS gC AwAaU Zc | A@aAS , 1965 U,  AS r@ mpAAcBA J ~c gUc -r-q Acf ~FAgAS @AcgcS a A s  mf Ag c F U S@U cA | @Ac ~crF c^ @ S  ~wq, 1961-, @wB JAOr ca kH c  (1935-1961)| S@U cA j AST S Tg-OO ; jce j@  j@ AUZ OUS @cFSvF, Tg @, mpA | c^c^c ~sR S@U cAR ~cF, A@ S@U @Sgcq ~ @AcgcS  Ri S | @Ac An@ Sq, @AcgcS Sq, A@ cXoc wF j@v ~oH l@K R AHA J rKc UZ  Aw ~T @p co @A | cXoc AF R Ar\co OTl@K J j-s @B cF | J @Ac cf^S (1966), mf R AHf (1966), ~Sf ~S R T  (1970), mwAc R ~SFSF @Ac (1971) R Tg @ (1974) j T@ rF | j-T@ WvS cXoc c J ~kH UZ AUZ s SAS | cXoc c @Ac R @AcgcS kH qA s AUZ s US S BSF :Zco ~T @ scq |

FAv TS- Av(1912) R cXoc @Ac (1935) An@ sn d  A@ j@qgc | OJ U @cUq @Ac AS @wB c @ AXo^ SS j@ ~ ~AAO, ~vUAxv@ q  q @Ac | j@BS Sf, ~SFBS dK | BSq ~oAS@ QUcS@f, BS Fwq ~-AAS@ | sZS d @S @wB, BS @-q ZS ZFA c A SAS | c ~oAS@ @Ac AUZUR, @wB c @ ~oAS@ @Ac BSF ewT c ~oAS@ @Ac AUg BSF cXoc T fc R j@vS @S Uq AU  AS TS@ | A@ec Uq  @AaUS AAS -- Acr, s cq, ~FAr TpF  s qA ~S@ BSR  UZSAS | v qTU f j@ Ql@ UAaUS @ca ~w | f Acr @S ~oAS@ @Ac ~^US TS R ~ j@BS Sf s gkAT@ AaU @ wMH @ Z jB  T dK @Ac-@Tf@q c @ U a | f- @ gcS @ @ jBSF s jr Sf dK T BfcS cQn TS mofS gw @UR Sf A jZS@ dK s @S rXo Sq  ~T ~Ag @q  BAS |

"U TFwABS R ecn @Ac ST AAS BF s Acr ~Sc TA  AZ,  Acf gU @Ac AS j@ZS ^ @wB @ qha @q Av- B^", ~LBfcSf AUZaS TS [Harriet Monroe, A Poet's Life: Seventy Years in a Changing World; (New York; Macmillan, 1938) p. 256] c @Ac rAr l@p wF ac FSR AaU J | cXoc @AcR j cFAnT S -- @Ac cXoc@ s@T ~S@A@a j@ AUZ , TS@ R@T @S ITU  AS | jv ~crF @cU ITU r S (ITU  AaUq -- @f @ d @, c^-ASc^ aR w^ Amf@, SAvr, cq AcS -- ASB jce ~SF -- cq  AAS  j@@gc @S ;   AaU @wB jce aZS  BwS AEO^ |

TS Z c s ~T jTS j@v T @ cUAa -- ~crF T s Zc cUa -R S -- sZS cf^S A ~oAS@ ceU @cF- re S @ Acrgf @Ac AcS R c^ @ ), @Ac  cvq  rAr ~oAS@ wF ASR AaU cXoc Bv -- s AAS  j@@, ~^gc, ~oH AgcU ^ @S | ~e@v AvR AaU ; A@ TS-@ cXoc T  AEO^ ~ wJv  ZO @, UZUAZ A BfAc@ ASc @, AFAn@ c @ AS | Av sJ @B @aS, cUcUF, J @q AF mhac@ AaUS S ; cq TqS ASq AFc @S |

Av Tv AaU, "Tl @Ac BSF Tl i@ @" (qvTFS) -- jce Av UQF AaU oS ecSrfU j@ i@wf XgcS | A@ @cU SS @Ac @r  ^ @ S, TS T@U AA UZ@ l@p UZ aS BSFR TS lf AaUS | ~l Av@ @cU ~oAS@ @Ac TZn @ U J UQF AaU S | cXocR cfH UZ aaS, A@ J UQF AaU ~oAS@ @Ac (~l o AcrK oS c T @Ac S  AaS s AcrK@T j@v co R LL ~a -R) ; jce @Ac c q AaU |

sTS d, TAS jZS, Av pK@ BSF jAw ~S ~S@q | AcAg^ cFA ~SS  ASg @q Av A | jv ~crF ~TA@ qA TvR SS S | mU-@UB-AcrAcFU  cvq, ~TA@ ArQ-empA @U FT pKH @ S, ~a AcAg^ cFA ~cS ; s AcAU@ kOSU @q cFAnTfSgc F | @ gkAT@ j @Svq  Sq cUUq OU | jr @U c c AcrAcFU AcAg^ cFA ~SS  ASgrfU -- @ @ s ~, cU s  Ac,  A AcrAcFU k @@, j@v Acgw aT cFAScR ~c | Av cTS @ s@ cUaS "qgv AUSA" [Joseph Parisi, "The Care and Funding of Pegasus", The Little Magazine in America: A Modern Documentary History; ed. Elliott Anderson and Mary Kinzie (Yonkers, N.Y.: Pushcart Press, 1978), p.218], @wBAv j@U o Av@ @ F q cFAw ~SSq | Av jTSA@ w A@R sJ AUZaS, JR ArAT@ aS | AcS ArAT@ @@ A@a AUZ AS | j-AS TS cr wcR AaU -- j@ Bw AUZaS s ~T s @Ac s Sf Aq jce A@ @ ~T @Ac @wB s j@cq cFAnT  ~S@ \UZ @ gU sS Z ~c@ q |

Av fW BfcS @ R swf @ Ac jaS ~S@q sJ @ @ UZ@ Ac jce ~^ j@BS @Ac Ac -- sTS @U rA -- \UZswF | 1912- ~vc T eZF (@Ac- T eZFR c ~vc T, 1935 U ; ASq cXoc c T @SF TfSQf- B^ ) c c  jB  (T eZFq sJ "v qU--~FTA@S" @AcAv a  R Ac@ U) qeUF @ AOAi AUZ BSS s q @ AAS UZBZ ew @ A cS | j@q ca vc T @ AAS Av "Acr AASAo" ASs S |  ~AcUc qv R cf^S UZ ew @ iS | T ca (1912) pf eZFq qv @@Av AUA@  c cf^S wfAU aAv @Ac | 1913 U cf^S ScU y U, ~SA^ TS UZS :

It seemed too good to be true that our little magazine had officially `discovered'--at least in English--this Asian poet whose name was now resounding throughout the world.
A Poet's Life, p.332

Av sZS AUg @U,  l A UUS jce BA  wUS ~SF j@Av AF@wB -- AUvU AAgF --  | c, sTS TS AUZ waS J ~LBfcSf,  Av @Ac iS c^ @SAS ; @Ac cqR ~SF UZBZ A waS ASAT (sTS Av @Ar @S UZ AcK J ~AgT c AAn -- @ZS c @S cq AAgF)|

d A@@ ~gc R ~SFSF e@v j@v A@S  jU  FAv TS AcrgTH cA S | qeUF Aw   Z @  (1923) J AcrsvS kOS | TS gTH gc AvR  -- @wBAv  Ri AF@ ~ ~^BA@ | H Ac \UZ @ s  J OfS gTH  Av AcrK OfS eZF (jAU 1935) @Ar  s ToF o of OfS @Ac S, RZS@ T@UfS SS R fTS @AcR A c sw Ug @S | FAv ~SAmA Av OAn A@av AcS ~ -- @ @ T A@a@U BSF j AFTS ASwAT UQFswF  Ri | RA@ d qS@ cS T v-~Fv@ FAv T sS | Av @U qA ~T @  @ cU  AZ | FAv T AS ASQ -- s ~S@T dH @Ac AcA @ @ -- ~ Z s S | sJ @ Ac cf ~Acgk aS,  @S S @S j@v T AaU, Q AaU, jce  AUS J A Av ~UQHf @AS | TS  sJ Av @ aS, J ToF @@BS ST @ A -- TvS scU, BB AUS, @U rA, SA Fw, AU qS R s FAA | cU cUF, j ToF @U rA cO ZFATS | rA @ S  caq sZS Av j jAUv WKH @S s "Av ~B ~ @cUTn j@Av AUvU TFwABS S, j@Av AS" | @Ac R @H rA @wBAv@ bU B Fwf S | Av B c UZ@BSF ^ @ cA s ~cmS AcrAcFU cq jce wJ cfH s UZ ~ : jq AaU J T | ~T oH, kOS@UfS Av A S, cXoc @Ac An@ c jT@ Av X gAc AaU cAr (TfSQf  @Ac s ASAv AScAO e@US @r @S,  AXf R pf Z OZ cUUR  ~T OZ c) | r r@ @U rA-A Av j@v SSL AaU | jT Av @Ar S ~S, BS cATFS, AcSS B, U TFS, RU Amvg^ T @Ac | @U rA S@U ~S@oS Ac@ BSA | j@c AAS qAUT @U qAUT@, @U Fcw @ j@v c^ UZ AL S ; Fcw AaUS rA A @Ac jce J oH AaU, qAUTR ~S@kUq AUZcS | Fcw AcK qAUT T AaU j@cq Acf jce UZAv sZS Av cU, Fcw jq AQ S s rA  AAS fWAS @ Aa^ @S | @S jq@SR AaUS rA c^, A@ J ~LBfcSf Ac TUOS Av c c  -@ O@ s | @S jq@S ~crF Av AcdXo TTU @ Fw SS,  @H AAgF@ qha@pgc cq ~S@ XopA Ac@p @AaUS | Av c XopA Ai@gc a AB U, @S jq@S ~ TTU @SAS | AF qA jc ~crF SS WvS S | @UrA IJA@ wH lf AaUS, j@ Ql@ J Av S qA cU Aw, AAS cUS : "~AT @ZS @ZS jTS @Ac AcrKgc Bw AAa, s @U AcZF -- sTS  R R vTAUSS ; @ZS ~c aAa ~S@ UZ Tc T, ~l Avq s T @Ar -- @ @ Qn vq T R rK UZ |" jA@ @ cXoc ~AgR Zc Ag^ S | @AcgcSq cXoc AUZaS s AAS jTS @ @ UZR aaS, s@ gUcr J Zc cST TS AaU sTS rO^ @, T@U gOs A@ec aXST Am @, A@ UZUAZ  ~ @ZS s Z TUAS |

sTS ~w \UZ @Aa, Av TkU rF AaU gU @Ac aS (sTS TS m @q AUZaS, @S j@v AcrK @Ac LL, mU c ~^US AASAoL ~c ~SF @Sgc  TZn  Ri j UQF AaU S)| ~B@ AS cO gU @AcAv ew @ a R AaU ~T UQF, ~ A@a S : TS cUaS | AUZaS, "~T BS Oq S @Ac @S LL J l, @S oS @Ac c @Ac A J Q, @S r AAS ~Aocf, @ AAS AcUe @S |" TS TpF R @f SfA jq  ~cF @ | cf^S aR cXoc c  cvq ~ ~S@ cCAU R gf @Ac TkU qeAB UZ @Ac c  @Ac qeAB ~Sc Av a A AXo @AS | joS  q T  cvq, jZS Ug |

@S AcrK @cF^US AASAo AaU S cv, c j@v T, TA@, qTABmv P@r, cfH Av@ qTABBT TZnq TS @S | j @H j-@wB qTABmv dH @Ac nAT@ AmA (, AVxv, Av q AT, AU AUvU UZ c jZS)| AXfcK j@q eZF (TO 1913) qTABBT  -v UZ -- s j@Av ~c  ASB -- @Ar U ~S@ cfH jAcK AS:er S | A@ Av eZFU OZ cAU wU jce j AccS UQ @U ~ sq @ j@ R@T FA@U TS  S | a @Ac AScOS R FZS @S @S AXo^ TS QHrfUR AO S, sTS AAS q. q. @ATe T @Ac @Ac a AB SAS | AUvU AAgF jBSFq Av@ QHrfU Q@cO Ac AOA @ | Av ~crFq  AaU S, c d SS cowTF @H @wBAv s Ac@ @ -- jce  QHrfU BSF S | sTS @U Fcw "Ar@w" @AcAv sZS cU TO 1914-, QSrfU U An@ j AcdXo @vA @ | ~S@, AcrK cTWJK A@a UZ@, j-cUR TUOS @S s Av s c  TAB@ A@ ~A@Al@ | QHrfU S, Av AaU ~oAS@q @wB, s cfH QHrfU d @q ASgU ~JO @ AaUS | 1915-U BS T Av j jAUv AcZF @Ac "A Ug e ~ B ~U @" Avq c, QHrfU s TU TUOS @ (j@BS UZS @cFOO A@gc FUAB H  ,  p^ jq @Ac !) |

TS AAF@ TS wS cUerq cXocf -- ~l AF TAB@ sw AAS ~Acrf S-UR wgf erf AaUS | @Ac wH c cBS@q AAS j@Tn AL TS @S S, @ Ac AAS AOAi AUZ ASB TT ~Sgc BSS | jA@ AR cXoc  J wgf ATU UQ @ T | cO c ATU co  BS TS s, T ; AwH AcU R ~@i l@F ; AF BSF  R emT gUc | j@H qTABmv sTS, TAS cT^f @AcR j Bw AaUS : 1936-U c cT AFeZF ; 1932 U ~FUS vv ~AA @  S AUvO BSF AcrKeZF c @ sw S | ja "ca r @Ac"- BSF TS mR cS @S | ~ SSoH mR cA  Av Fw -- jce  ZS ~TA@ AcQNo BSf@^ r cUUS "v@  A @Ac@ @TArU @c J a jc ~ A@ TS   !"

BSfA ~Slf UR, AXf AcrsXo T Av Q Sfc @ c AaU S -- sXo AS Amvg^ j@ha @Ac aR ~ ASBS @Ac sXoAcK@ @Ac a  : B A@UT, ~qB@ BScw R dv c@ -- ASBSq sXoQn T sS | @Ac cdS  c@ Ai@S Sf O@ iU   ~ "@ Tp" cU | cXoc AcdXo ~S@ ~Agsw AaU sXo R T@U AcK J ASA | AXf AcrsXo ~crFq j@ c WvS, A@ ~T BfcS R qA j jTS @S c A@ Sq | j@v H Aq | Av AUZaS j@T  cAnrBS @Ac sXo sS -- AXf AcrsXo @S cCAU @Ac@ A@ sXo s a ? J sXo gc c AaU ceU jce cXoc s -AcK ~^ AaUS S Z @AcgcSq  QF ~a :

il j@AS r a wU UU ~ ZA@ @;  ~T Q@ jce q Ac cwwHF ; U@ @ jS s^ cn  TS, @S k Sf-@Ai S cJroAS BUR  aAS a | ... @S AST AwrAwr @a ZA@ ...  sXo sZS WS, ~T TAB@ cp Ac  UwU j@Av-Av @ TA@ dK | ~T ZUT  @Uq aAv Wxv T ~ TTSK g @ S | ~T kcAAO WpAH vAT Bf Bfc S  ; ~S@ ~a g sc,  ToF ~a ArAQ aU, cq , Ar\A@ | ... sATSf  mvAR fmS  ia  | ZU o ~  Z s, ceUgK @Ac AcK  l@ | ... jTAS @ sXo o, o AaU r jce @U ToF BAg, s w UAaU jq aUq TBF-Q kcdK gcK ... of^  c^TU - @@v Ac  wU s n qeB R nf cCAU -- Bc OS@ ~TU  co  q T |

~T @AcgcS (p. 64-66)

sXo ~ ~S@ w\ cUaS cXoc -- J ~cU@S ~cF ; AS p aAc T i ja sXo-T@UfS @U@ | AUZaS A@gc jT PA  @U @Ac SS SS i@ ; AcAn  wU @AcgcS S, cAS  @ cq R An@ ; AcAr AF  ceU PA U SS oS j@v @ | "sS A@Al haU m Aha ~ATR, ~T anBfcS c  q T"-- AUZaS cXoc | UQ @c sXo TS-~TS ~c^ @ (FArBT AcAo @ UZ cXoc c^ TSc^ c^FoF-A mS wpsXo : r ca  cq ~a), cXoc scQH dL j fQH, As@, cmcoTf mgAc@L | ~w @ Ai@ @ @S Tr fAQ S R Uq J Q sXo cAcc ~^U ~SFoS j@v F, ~SFoS j@v cmc ~SocS c AaU | "sXo Z" "sXo cSr" -- jqc gcU ToF S Aw, TScBA eW ~SF @S c A PA @ A@S -q  Zc R cIc O @AaUS AAS | @pA@ ~AnT @ SSgc empA C ~cfH  TSK --  cq ~T cA S ; ~@TF UR, sXo Ag A @pA  Acha Wv, ~T, jce -c ASB ~B^q empA SS @S cp, Sc @S TSAOn S c  Ri | cXoc UZ sJ sL @ aS, ~T jq gKF J @a Zc cwS i@c S |

~oAS@ @Ac ~^US A@ec  AcrK oS A c AASAoL cXoc T TS UQF AaU S cv, c Av @ A@ rK s^ -q S ? A@ ~w sTS cUAa, Av @cU TS j@ @B S -- j ~U cBS ATAU FT R  | TS TpF  @  @ cU c kn j OAnR cU AcAg^T | FAv TS@ gcf@U Zc c Av A Acq TS Zc ; @Ac, AFOO A@ec ~LBfcSf BSF S | A@ cXoc ~T :mHf o S @H S, J AcU AcAOn AF@T BSF | @Ac R @AcgcS cXoc c ASBm pA : J  An@ S @cU j@v AL c TAB@ @T @AS,  iAaU ceU AF ~oAS@ j@BS Tl Ar\f ASAc, TU, T, ~ pBSFT XgcST ~ZFS |

jq UZ ~S @TS UwU ?