Bishwabhara Praner Sandhane; An essay by Rajat Chanda

c c@mv (kH)

@Ac

w\/TFOS/Sv@

SF

c^/BfcSf/mpA/AF gK/~AgoS/qA..

Arr/A@r

Books_in_English

Parabaas Moviestore

Parabaas Moviestore

Acrg H ^S

B O^

(@) eAQ Acr AO

AcrpA c Big Bang WvAaU ~B @  13.6 AcAUS ca ~w | jq WvS jce Acr T ~o@ BfcS S S @AAS jq ~UOS @Tq @a | ~T w\ oS d MBwl jce jq oS AcAU B^ T @ | A@  ~w ~oFAU c^R @@Av @ cU AS c |

AcrpA  ATASv AS@ ToFq ASvS, vS (H) R  esBS (fusion) @ PA  AAUT @^@ (He) R Zc ~\ ATH AUAT R AvAT (gf qBS) @^@ c nuclei | ~SFSF TMAU@  @^@ ZS PA AS | TvTAv r@ ~Argw vS, @Agw AAUT AaU Ar Acr TkU S | ja qU@vS R ASAvS (~F^ ~AT@ g @H AcrK)  AaUq |^[1] jq ~S ALL@ Ac ATU s scQH  |

1964 U AS BA cU UFcvA ~FArgc ~Acyp  Cosmic Background Radiation s@ cU s  Big Flash c T ~U, Big Bangj mpAAO | ~sk ASs cl Acr H  jq ~U  PW c ~B AH a oS microwavej | T ~U @ ~UOS @S G. Gamow OA\Ur r@ | jq microwave AcrKH @ TH  s 400,000 ca c Ar Acr AaU TpH jce ~@fS (homogeneous & isotropic) - o TSF ~TF AaU WSL |   ~oFAv, ~l r ATAUS ca c s^, ~S@vq ~BS, @H  Hubble Space Telescope j SwU cq | Rq TSF cAr WSL ~erUq T@K ToFT nT nT SS oS SfA@ (galaxy), SfA@  (cluster and supercluster of galaxies), SS oS SQn gpA cfB |

2014 U Hubble j kf James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) j ~@r R @ | jq c FAr telescope Acr qA T AcAUS ca  ~^@ sw R ~U@ @c | JWST oS @@Av wcKH AcK ha :

1. T ~U ~R Acr AcrKH
2. SfA@ B^F
3. T B^  R w pA
4. H ~Acgc

jq T B^  g @A^@ esBS (fusion) U H R He BUAS @ ^  @ m m ~Q@p gf TMAU@ AU | Fusion j BUAS rK  wU, ~l @^ nuclear ~S ASg wU T@K O Tp  O s | ZS SQn @^ @ gf TMAU@ , sTS U, AS@U qFA | @^ @ k ~mHAU ~Q@p \@  BL | cq ~mH @ ~cAr qBS | jq SQn rK BfcS @TS c q AS Acr ~UOS d @S cQ|AST O^rZ (S. Chandrasekhar) | ~\ c qeUF @AcB AcrAcFU  ~  BBq j@Av c ~Acy @S AAS |^[2] sA j@Av  g (Ms) ks g (Mo) 1.4 H O @T  (Ms<1.4Mo)  U  rK BfcS O Aw a, Zc WS jce Zc wT (e@OS BSF) R BU (e )  AH  Am  | T@K e@OS co  qU@vS \v O | jq O ST degeneracy pressure s l ha @xvT LL Pauli Principle | AU ZS s qU@vS Zc @a@Aa w WJKWJAK @ @  A@ j@Ao@ qU@vS j@q ~cm s co  | ~S@v j@ O j@BS cAr c AST S @U Zc Ag s , q@T house full ~cm | q s  g ks g H O @T,  T@Kf e@OS@ AT  qU@vS "degenerecy pressure" | jq Am ~cm@ white dwarf c  cTS cU  | ~T ksR rK BfcS cTSL   nT nT ASg sc |

~SFA@ Ms>1.4Mo U Av white dwarf ~cm T sc S | T@K electron degeneracy pressure@ ~AnT @  jce jq e@OS i@c ~ @S  @ S, s ~ @S nuclear BUAS ~cAr Sq | ZS d  ~A  e@OS jce @\Sf  BSS | j U @^@AU j@n  AH  vS, qU@vS R ASvS T | qU@vS R vS ATU PA  ASAvS R ASvS | ~F^ wT, AB jce WS ~cm ASAvS vS  ATU PA @ ~ ASvS jce ABvS c ~FAxv-qU@vS | ABvS R qU@vS ATU Wv j@ ~@\Sf AcmH - s ST super nova | j U  cq ~mH ~AcrF wA aA  k k^ | ~cAr ~er oS ASvS TA - ~c e@AO  @ T@K U | Ac @U Z s s jq ~erAv g (Mn) sA ks g q @ AS H @T   U ASvS "degeneracy pressure" T@K e@OS T c | B^ Sc ASvS , s ~A@ THAc@ @^@ cU gc s  | j cF  Tn r @ @A A@UATv jce RBS ks T c  OqR gf | q j WSL @ S gcq gU |

(Z) MBw B^

Super nova @ PA  U O gf TMAU@ AU | Super nova  gm @q sw sw  B^ S AXf B^  | ~T MBw TkU S ha super nova jce ~SF kcdK  oecrK c star dust | 98% H jce He R cA@ 2% gf  (C, N, O, Fe, Ni, Si, Ca .....) gas nebula c TW S cJo T@K vS |

1Se aAc : WSTS gas nebula s qBS @ qAST s^  c TMAU@  a | gS@ AcmH @ B^ cU jq oS ScU oH W^ |

T@K e@OS U cOq wT  @ @^ ~erAv —jAvq gAcKF ks | Tn c UQ AAw MJaU @^ vS esBS U THAc@ ~S BU Ri s ToFT PA  AAUT (He) : H+H —> He + rA | T@K e@OS R  H Am ~cm ~S | B^  fWBfcf ks |  j@q T ScU cA@ ~erAU WSfgk  nT cAU@H, SA, wH (asteroids) m ToFT PA  w |

ks @a wAU @ cArgw wF c s ~Q@p wT |  @  w (rocky planets) | co, n, pAcf R TU  H | ~Q@p k s,  ~S@ i jce RBS gf cU ~S@v wF o Z  | w Ri - gas giants cpmA, rAS, qS R SOS s H |

w) MBw H ^S

MBw pAcf a TU jce cpmA R rAS @@Av w ~^ j@@Kf (unicellular) H @ cS ~a | ca 10/12 ~w @Td ~U (Antarctica) @ R j@ \@A, s l TUw, Zc BS pA @ | @S OfS@U AcrU @S o jq v@v TU @ Aav@ j sw sw o AaU | 1984 j jAv@ @A R s | AT@ ~ScfQAH@ fQ cF@AvA BfcE (bacteria fossil)-j cF AmA S @ AcrU P PO  | j@ Zc @wB UZ "We are All Martians!" sq @, jq OUF@ AXo^ o vJ@AS | j  TUw c ZJBZJAB @R jZSR s^ H  R sAS | c O OUa, OUc | cpmA cpl Ac ~^w q (Europa) w @AiS c ~mH SfO BUf T UA@ ~a cU ^ @ ha | cpmA BU vS S (tidal forces) U s  l^ , q RZS i  ~F S | @Bq j@@Kf Bfc @a Europa cmS Ac T^ SR   |

W)Exo-Planet  cr

MBw cq w ~AmL T TAH U 1995 j | w S ca jq extra-solar c exo-planet  c^ c LL R F R wa | A wU j@ Tm conference U jq AcK | jZS s^ TAH j oS w eZF  400 |

C) Acr AcrUL : ~AT TSc j@@f gAT Acm

jc  kL  j@v AO @ SR s@ | ks c Oq @a  kL ha 4.2 ~U ca | ~U ca  6 UQ @Av (trillion) TqU  ZU   s | jq AcrU eZFU cowTF @ BSF SQn TU j@v ZUS model PA @ s@ |

pAcf cFo (radius) ha 4,000 TqU c 6,500 A@UATv | kL T@Ai@ @AT sA AcAUS gw j@ gw @ ASq, U pAcf cF (diameter) c 1.3 AxvATv, ~l j@Av ~C TS | U ks cF c 1.4 ATv, ~l Halloween j @T T | U jq cO @a Av, ~@Av @T, ~T @ @ k @c ? - 25,000 TqU c 40,000 A@UATv ! jq gfKH kL BSFq ~A BU R a ATvATv Z | s w ASBm ~U Sq, s ~T pAwO , @a  ~Q@p fc ~U j j@cq b@  s | ~B@ @S vAUm oF Sq exo-planet- BAB Z | ~k gAcKF ASBm ~cUA (infra-red) ~U sF  JA Zc R sc cU ~r @ s |

jc TBwA@ c cosmic T T j@v Ac SR s@ | pAcf c 4.6 AcAUS ca | TS @ s@ j@Av 24 Wxv AST PA @ a pAcf qA |  cv d, AS  cv rK (~l AST 1 Wxv TS  200 ATAUS ca) | T Wxv AS@ @  A@aq BS Sq | @Ac gK "g^ q ~AT sw /  sZS ASB A ~^K SS pA@ cc @AaUS AcXo |" A@ g Ov (3.8 AcAUS ca ~w) Z sha Cyano bacteria  Z W e @a jce photo synthesis j sF ~ABS PA @a | mfgk "Stromatolites" ha Cyano bacteria @UAS AU |

c@Kf (multi-cellular) Hf ~Acgc c  —  ~vv (~B @ 800 ATAUS ca ~w) | pAcf H qA r@ ~Argw B ~a j@@Kf BL | j@@Kf @ c@Kf, jq ^A ToF ~A fW T cFcoS UQHf |

qS R Uc^ wa B^  jwv |  jwv OA\Ur ATASv qS Ac R mSFf (mammals) U d | AST rK c Tn 1.5 ATASv ~w (~B @ 5 ATAUS ca ~w) TSKFBA T AASAo hominid Ardi  B^ | AAT PA R AUAZ qA d AST rK (~l ~B@) 70 ATAU @ ~w !

O) Exo-planet qAcp

Exo-planet ~Acy R TB@  oS Av : T ASvS AST ~S ~prF wAv (P) OU AAn Av@ (S) OU c U ATAU | j@Av w BSF jq swUSpF c g@^ c center of mass (C.M.) Ac^Av@ AW | w vSS Av OUS T Uq ~Z wAv g (m_p) c @ s | A@ gc v  jc v Zc | sA @ jq ~erAv@ jA s OS c SfO (2) AOA Tf@HAv  @ S |

C. M.j ~cmS P R S-j g R ASgrfU |

2Se aAc : w- swU SpF |  wAAcAo @ ~prF w g ASH |

D_p R D_s sA C. M. @ snT w R Av kL , U ASvS AST cU

m_s . Ds = m_p . D_p jce
m_s . V_s = m_p. V_p
sZS V_s R V_p ha  R w ~cS wAcw |  R w ~cS T TS, s  U ATAU OU ha |

sA wAv (jce Av) @Q TUAv ~T pAZ cc  (edge-on-view), U pAcf @ Av ~ wAcw (radial velocity Vr) c R @T Z sc UT U T |

UmvrS JA sA @S wTf vS@ qU A A ~T A@ ~ R OU s AZ (R AS) UQ @c s ~^ vS rNv JO  (higher frequency) Ri jce nT k sR vS qU SfO  Sc s | jq cFv@ Doppler Effect cU  | j@qgc @S ~U l ~T A@ av jU  ~ @ (frequency) c s, s@ cU s blue shift @H SfU e j @ ~SF eAU @ cAr | k  sR ~U UU A@  s, s@ cU  Doppler red shift | s @S TMAU@ @ AB @U s cHUf Z s    ~cF ~LAO - ~CU a c wU m T | jq cHUf Doppler shift TUq cI s ~U lAv @ cw ~T A@ jAw ~a ~c k  sha (Vr) |

3Se aAc :  ~ wA Vr j c @T | b j hO Vs U Av ~cS wAcw | T U ~cS T

 cp@ @Q BSF T  Vr j Ri b j T | jq b j hO U Av ~cS wAcw Vs | Vr j AcS @ Av j@ @ W ~ @ T Uw (T)  Bq T s | s  R w ~cmS jce C.M. Ac^ j@ U Z @ q ~Z wAv ~cS TR T |

s H ZJB ~T UQF, q @a@Aa kL jce ~T ks c  Oq av (G R M class)  ca  | j U Arv Ai@ gc TUq cI sc ~Z w vSS OUa A@S jce Vs R T j TS @ |

~c ASvS T@K jce wA AXf AST @ TH @ s s

D_p³ = (G.m_s)/(4π²).T² ------ (1)

G U ASvS T@K oc@, s TS BS ~a | Av g m_s ks g TS o  | jq Tf@H @ Bq Dp TS R sha |

~c Vp = (wAv @Q PWF)/(~cS T) = (2πD_p)/T

s @ BS wU V_p @ |
jA@ ASvS pf AST cU
m_s.V_s = m_p.V_p

~l ~Z wAv g

m_p=(m_s.V_s)/V_p ----- (2)

jZS UQ @ s  s sA pAcf T w pAcf Tq k @ ks @a@Aa g @ AQH @  U V_s=(m_p.V_p)/m_s ~ 1 AxvATv / @ | j ~\ wA U XoA Zq sc S | jq @H pAcf T exo-planet jq gc ZJB c @ Zc @AiS | ~SF A@ cpmA T c w sA Av Zc @a @ q c Oq B Z sc | j ST R a hot jupiters | jq @Hq ~B s^ s exo-planet ~Acyp a  cArgwq "hot jupiter" B |

Exo-planet ~Acy jce  ~S T AXf  ~a | wAv @Q sA jTS  s AQH T Av ~T @a @ ~eAr@ gc b@ , U jq T Av mgAc@ BU TA@ gc @T sc | jq WvS@ transit cU  | j@ ~F^ ~eAr@ wH Ac gc s  | n R co w transit AAO cF |

TS @ s@  R w cFo snT R_s jce R_p | pAcf pA@H @ w @QAv edge-on Uq transit Z c :

4Se aAc : w transitj T  BU 

Transitj T wAv@ Z S wUR sQH  j@Av av ~erR b@ a ZS  BU @v @TU v T s  | w R  AQ QnU (projected areas) ~S (ratio) Ai@ @c transit T sc A@ S | o s@ Avq wU@ | U transit j T BU @T ATH c

w AQ QnU
------------------- = (πR_p²)/(πR_s²)=R_p²/R_s²
 AQ QnU

sA Av cF wAv cF 100 H cAr  (sTS ks R pAcf Qn) U BU @Tc Tn 0.01 % | MgwFnT Hubble Space Telescope-j jv o  | c jq @F gkp @S vAUm QT cq | ~crF "hot jupiter" j transit j BSF BU @Tc 1 % @H j Qn R_s ~ 10 R_p | jq @F T c vAUm ~L ToF | Tv@, jqgc ~Z wAv cFo T s |

~T ~wq ZAa s U Arv  exo-planet  g (m_p) ASH @ s | sA j@q w@ transit j ToFT T s U  cFoR (R_p) BS s jce @ wAv WSL @K s Bq | ~T BAS pAcf WSL BU WSL OH cAr |

~\AS ~w 20 ~Uca k j@Av exo-planet U Arv j sF ~Acyp a s AQH T (T) Tn 13 AS | ~T  R w g@^ @ w kL D_p jce T-j @ (Tf@H (2)) ~wq ~UOS @Aa |  @ Z sha, s jq Qn D_p U jw ATAUS A@UATv, pAcf-ks kL @ ~S@ @T | A@ s Av ks @ ~S@ @T BU q wAv Tn pAcf @a@Aa   | ~ A 40 ~U ca k s wAv ~Acyp a @ cU s  pAcf c gq — g aH jce cF  ASH | WSL  BU TS | jZS s ATH BU @ cS |

j@Av TfQ ~@r j@Av av ~er, sZS gf TMAU@  ATH  2 % , ~l BAvU AS@ An jce q BSFq H ~Acgc cS cAr, ks T @@r  ca  | Hubble j OZ j ToF 16Av w transit o  | jq oS TfQ Bq exo-planet  j@v eZFAL@ Ac @ s  | AT@ Ac TS  @TQ r@ 20 % @ 30 %  w ~a | ~crFq H cswf w eZF   Oq ~S@ @T |

5Se aAc : ~@r j@ s ~er w transit j ToFT Hubble Telescope j sF j@ SB ~S@ exo-planet ^S STS | wU AOA U transit Z sha |

a) Acrf ~Lf ^S

~T c a c Milky Way Galaxy  | j ~a 400 AcAUS  | AAO Acr ~^ 100 AcAUS galaxy  c |  U  eZF @TQ OA\Ur AcAUS AvAUS c OA\Ur quintillion ! AT@ Ac H Q ~T@ cmS ~gc Sq j @ cr ASAEO^gcq cU s |

~T ZAa Hubble pAcf ~@ w transit T  | ~wTf 5 @ 7 ca ToFq j kf JWST Q  exo-planet  ^S R AcrKH @B d @c | qAToF NASA  Kepler w pAcf T w ZJB @B d @a | jq r@q F ew @B  jwc ^ Sq |

Exo-planet  ~ kQ R wgfgc scQH BSF Av A@\S @ \UZ @c | TAv ST "Terrestrial Planet Finder" (TPF) |

jq @\ oS rF ha —

1.  ~U@ ~U @ (null out) BAB w cHUf AcrKH | jq cHUf oS ~cUA c intra-red ~U @ |
2. w cTU @U  AS@ AcrKH

Av Space Telescope (T₁, T₂) iS c cpmA R rASw TITAI ~U, sZS mSf ~cUA ~U ATH @T | jq kcfH BAv ToF@ kL (d) Zc kQgc T c |

6Se aAc : TPF j vAUm swU ~@r ~cmS | oS: ~cUA ~U AcrKH ToFT H swf cmS jce H AmA ^S c j @B |

A@aAS ~w Galelio Mission iS  cpmA w Ac@ gU @ OS BSF | ZO @TS BSF T nw R  pAcf T@K iU sF SR  | pAcf @a A sc T H s AO ~cUA cHUf sF cO Ay Z s U ~T cTU ATS wF (CH₄) AmA | jq wF mfgc ~ABS  c @  S @H  AS@ An BU R @cS q ~q AH  [CH₄ + 2O₂ --> 2H₂O + CO₂] | CH₄ j AmA TH @ s ~T cTU nTwq CH₄ PA ha — s j@Av oS l ha H-An | jq oS AS@ AcrKH ToFT ~A k w H ~g R s  |

AXf A@\SAv U Space Interferometry Mission (SIM):

~T ZAa s-w  @ ~Q@p k, AcrK  sA g @T ,  R  gc jq ~\ s U Arv Zq s S | ~O jq c: H ~Acgc R AccS Q AcrK swf jce ~T ~S^S oS UQF | j ZJB c @ j@Av  U  ~cmS ~F^ kQgc ASH @ | j ST Astrometry c ATA |

SIMj @B pAcf T av w, s @Q  Zc @a S,  AmA qA S @ |

B) H @

w 150 ca H AcK PcAS@ ~^pA wgf O ~oF gw @ s  :

1) 1859 j qS J "On the Origin of Species" ST sw^@f cq HfBw wgf ~Lf AA @S jce Natural Selection An ToFT BfcBw AccS (evolution) cFZF @S |
2) 1944j E. Schrodinger "What is Life ?" cpTU H m c^ PcAS@ AO^ SS A@ ZU S | j gc c T rHf AcSf HL ~@p S jce  ~wwA LAH @S |
3) 1953  DNA ~S ~@pA R @pA ~Acy ~SAc@ HL Scsw kOS @ | w ~orNf jq AcS nTcoTS ~wwA Acm@ |
4) Tn O⁰ Axvw SfO STU U BU @AiS c AH  | @Av @Av qm: AcAQ ~r^ BU ~S mmkgc sS T^cU r^  rpU gc JA s | j oS AcrpU @ rpU ~cm AcS@ cU  "phase transition" c "cooperative phenomena" | T AcR "phase transition" Wv —chaos @ synchrony  | @Av @Av (dK) BSA@ @ U U ~U BUS SgS (oS AQHkc jAr rAU), (dK) AIJAIJ @ @S (cq TAU TS c BSF !), ~T chorus wS R SO U, a^ R  TUS ~S^ synchrony H | j@v AU ZU cI s s jq ~ ~EOs TScA ZU kQT THU@ @ AcUT SQnU@ AcF | SvB TBwA@ SpF @\S ATU s AcS jq rZ  | cf^S gK
SpF cr ^ U Acf TH,
sw AW BFATf cABU O^ gS |
c SpF HcS Accr Acr Bw OS
sw sw @U @U   U U,

BAvU (complexity) R AcrpU (chaos) ToF @ @S R a^ B^F TkU a AcrK ~cm ~U R cm@H ~EOs sAw | @@Av H R s  | ~F^ i electric resistance-j ~@Am@ ~cU (superconductivity) ~Acyp AaU 1911- | c O  @H cI wU @xvT LL ToFT "Cooper pair" qU@vS BAv swU SpF | LASER-j ALL@ AgA mS @AaUS ~qSmvqS 1917 U | wcKHw ~U @AH@ photon  @T @T c sR Z ATUU 1960 U | 1924 U FS c R ~qSmvqS Bose Einstein Condensation c AcKT i cm AcrK B ~cm ~Acy @AaUS | 75 ca  A wcKHw  Z ATUU |

Bfc@K ToF c AS@ R PcFA@ e@ R An ToFR a jq @S (synchronization) s HrA TkU | w q r@ AcS jq rZ  jwha | s Acr Aco, eQg ToF @ @S o c S,  ~crcf | (H m ZS : Sync: How Order Emerges From Chaos In the Universe, Nature, and Daily Life by S. Strogatz)

~T ~wq ZAa M Bw jce pAcf TkU S jAaU T B^  ~gF^ THAc@ esw jce supernova  O AcmH U, s ToF H BSF BSf TH  cvq A@a ~SR  m AaU cf AS@ gC w ZU BSF | pAcf wiS R Prrc gfKH ~Am r^ c , ~l ~B @  4 AcAUS ca ~w @S SArfG  c @ jce T U gkwg   sw sw o AS@ An ToFT jTS ~S PA U (RNA c  Bf @S AT@ ~S) s Aco Uq ASB ATkA PA @  | Virus,  bacteria R SS oS j@@Kf Hf, s cU s  "complex, adaptive, self-replicating systems," pAcf H qA Aegw T BL @a | c c sw , Tn 800 ATAUS ca ~w c@Kf Hf ~Acgc jce AccS ToF A BU mU ~@r ~AoF Acm @ ~B w Ua jq oS oSF y g / ~T jq c^ |

c I-It @Av pAcf H Z e @a | Yellowstone Park-j v^ BU, Antarctica- ATrfU i,  TdgkAT, T wgfT mS, jTS A@ TAv U ck s^ ~^ j@@Kf Bfc c |

I) e

e cU s s ~B ~T BAS s Acr H s cmS eZF c c c AcAUS | s AAmA @S "Cooperative Phenomena" sF ~F^ rpUcXo cm jTSA@ H mkH  @AiS S |

j s^ jce ~k gAcKF o ~T cmS a c Milky Way- ~\ j@v ~er exo-planet ZJB @ a R c | jq a AAo ToF ^ gF ^ HfBw cS  cAr S | A@ cp AAQ, ~l a 400 AcAUS  jce ~R SS oS 100 AcAUS wFUA ~T OqR c ~wwTf gF ^K Zcq c jce eZFR  ~S@ | A@ j mA@ kL jq cAr s Ql ~U AO  k @, c ~S SR Zcq @AiS |  a Acr TZ ~A AcrU, ~T ~wq ZAa | q US gFAU  QHmf | q k\U swsw, ~U wA UR j@cq B S |

ZFST Ac Enrico Fermi r @AaUS "Where are they ?" j  ha  ~T Acrf ~Lf @\Sf kL jce TBwA@ T US gF QHmAL | c gAcKF ~T Z c S jTS @R cU s S |

w^-kO@ :

[1] The First Three Minutes; S. Weinberg; BasicBooks. Also, see, 'Origin of The Universe,' by M. Turner, in Scientific American, September, 2009

[2] Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar; K. C. Wali; The University of Chicago Press, 1992.

(c-45, jAU, 2010)

~Ue@H : ~SSF r

jq UZ ~S @TS UwU ?